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電力電纜故障準確定位及探測查找方法【圖文詳解】

標簽: 電纜故障測試儀

電力電纜故障準確定位及探測查找方法


  近年(nian)來,隨著國(guo)家(jia)城鄉(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)改造和特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)絡建設,越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de) 0.4k-500kV 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)投(tou)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)運行。由于(yu)國(guo)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)制造、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)、附件(jian)安裝、外力(li)(li)(li)破壞等原因,導致(zhi) 0.4kV--220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)故障頻繁(fan)發生(sheng),嚴重影響了國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性的(de)提高(gao)(gao)和同業對標(biao)工(gong)(gong)作。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)----日本東京(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si) 2003 年(nian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)年(nian)報,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)線(xian)路占 75%的(de)東京(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)每年(nian)每個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)用(yong)戶平(ping)均停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)僅為 2 分鐘(Duration and Number of Annual Power Outages per Customer),遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)中國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si) 好水平(ping)。如何以 快的(de)速度準確(que)定(ding)位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)故障,迎(ying)頭(tou)趕上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業水平(ping),是國(guo)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)試(shi)驗科學院和供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所目(mu)前(qian) 緊迫的(de)技術和管(guan)理(li)課題。


一、電纜故障的分類和(he)性質(zhi)判(pan)斷:

1、低阻(zu)故障(zhang):電(dian)纜相間或相對(dui)地故障(zhang)電(dian)阻(zu)小于 1kΩ的故障(zhang)稱之為低阻(zu)故障(zhang)。

2、 高阻故(gu)障:相對于(yu)低(di)阻故(gu)障,當電(dian)(dian)纜相間或相對地故(gu)障電(dian)(dian)纜值大于(yu) 1kΩ稱之為高阻故(gu)障,也(ye)對(dui)應于高壓(ya)電橋法(fa)。
3、斷(duan)線與(yu)開(kai)路故障(zhang):電纜的一芯或多(duo)芯導體或者金屬屏蔽層完全斷(duan)線或似(si)斷(duan)非斷(duan)的情況,我們稱(cheng)之為開路故(gu)障。

4、外(wai)護(hu)套(tao)故障:根據(ju)國家電(dian)力行業標準 DL586-1996《電(dian)力設備預防性試驗(yan)規程》,66k-500kV


  電(dian)纜(lan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(PVC)和高密(mi)度聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(HDPE)外(wai)護套對(dui)地絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻小(xiao)于(yu) 500 兆歐(ou)姆或(huo) 5kV 直流耐壓(ya)試驗不能(neng)通過的缺陷或(huo)故障。


判斷電纜故障性質:

(1)需要萬用(yong)表(biao)和搖表(biao)(高阻計)各一(yi)只(zhi),為保證(zheng)讀數的穩定和準確, 好是指(zhi)針式表計;

(2)絕緣電阻測量,用(yong)搖(yao)表(biao)、萬(wan)用(yong)表(biao)分別測量線芯對地絕緣電阻和(he)相(xiang)間絕緣電阻;

(3)導(dao)體線(xian)芯(xin)連(lian)續性判(pan)斷,在電(dian)(dian)纜遠(yuan)端將三相短路,在近端用萬用表測(ce)量相間(jian)導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)阻。

(4)如果導體線芯連續(xu)性試(shi)驗讀數(shu)為無窮大,則(ze)為斷線與開路故障(zhang)。如果絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)落在低阻(zu)(zu)和高(gao)(gao)阻(zu)(zu)故障(zhang)范(fan)圍,則(ze)判(pan)定為低阻(zu)(zu)或高(gao)(gao)阻(zu)(zu)故障(zhang)。如果對66k-500kV超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)纜外(wai)護套測量(liang),絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)小于500 兆歐姆或5kV直流耐(nai)壓試(shi)驗不能通過,則(ze)為外(wai)護套故障(zhang)。



二、電纜預定位

  預(yu)定(ding)位方法有(you)兩大類,電橋法和時域反射(she)法 TDR 兩類。

  1、電橋法: 惠(hui)斯通(tong)/Murray 電(dian)橋法,由高壓發生器與橋體、高靈敏度檢流計(ji)組成。利用(yong)故障點(dian)兩(liang)側的電(dian)(dian)纜線芯電(dian)(dian)阻與比例電(dian)(dian)阻構成惠斯通/Murray 電(dian)(dian)橋(qiao),當檢(jian)流(liu)計(ji)指零時電(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)達(da)到平(ping)衡,電(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)橋(qiao)臂(bei)間對應(ying)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)比值(zhi)相等。又根據電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率公式,線芯電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)之(zhi)比等于電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)長度之(zhi)比,得(de)到電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故障距離=電纜(lan)全長(chang)*定位旋紐指示比例。見(jian)下圖:


電橋定位接線圖

電橋(qiao)定位接線圖


  電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)(fa)中又可(ke)以(yi)細分(fen)為低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)(fa)和高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)(fa)。受測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低(di)的(de)影(ying)響,500V 的(de)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)高(gao)(gao)阻故障(zhang)很(hen)難準確(que)測定。高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)突破了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)能用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)阻故障(zhang)定位的(de)傳統觀念,以(yi)高(gao)(gao)達(da) 5kV 和 10kV 的(de)直流高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)施加在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)體(ti),電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)位于(yu)良好絕(jue)緣的(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)側,操作(zuo)旋鈕安全接(jie)地(di),確(que)保操作(zuo)者人身安全。適用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)達(da) 500 兆歐姆(mu)及以(yi)下的(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)阻電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故障(zhang)定位;四端子接(jie)線(xian)法(fa)(fa)消除引(yin)線(xian)接(jie)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻測量誤差,可(ke)獲得(de)高(gao)(gao)精度定位比例。相對(dui)于(yu)時(shi)域反射法(fa)(fa) TDR 電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)(fa)還具有測量范圍無(wu)盲區(qu)、可(ke)測長(chang)度無(wu)限(xian)制等(deng)優(you)點。


  高壓(ya)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)可覆蓋高低阻(zu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障,是對時域反射法(fa)的(de)(de)有(you)力(li)(li)補充。尤其是近年來國內各(ge)地(di)電(dian)力(li)(li)公司新上(shang)大量的(de)(de) XLPE 交(jiao)聯(lian)聚乙烯電(dian)纜(lan)(lan),故(gu)障點(dian)難以形成導電(dian)區,擊穿點(dian)耐壓(ya)非常高,這類閃絡性高阻(zu)故(gu)障很(hen)適合使用高壓(ya)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)。以雷迪 M 型電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)為代(dai)表的(de)(de)高壓(ya)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)具有(you)低壓(ya)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)法(fa)的(de)(de)全部(bu)優點(dian),又具有(you)以人為本,人性化設(she)計,數據連接(jie)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)準確傳(chuan)遞電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)整體的(de)(de)工作狀態,有(you)效避(bi)免誤操作情(qing)況下的(de)(de)人身(shen)和設(she)備事故(gu),是電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障定位技術中 安全放心(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)。


1、 時域反射法

  根據二次世界(jie)大戰(zhan)時期(qi)發明的雷(lei)達原理,測(ce)量裝置發射(she)(she)適(shi)中的脈沖信(xin)號,脈沖沿(yan)通信(xin)電纜(lan)、信(xin)號電纜(lan)、控制電纜(lan)和電力(li)電纜(lan)的路徑(jing)傳(chuan)播,在電纜(lan)故障點處反射(she)(she)回來脈沖信(xin)號,利用脈沖反射(she)(she)法(fa)原理得到反射(she)(she)波形(xing),從反射(she)(she)的波形(xing)幅值(zhi)和形(xing)狀可判(pan)斷電纜(lan)故障的類型和性質,如低阻接地故障、斷線故障等。


(1)低壓脈沖法:不施加高壓,直接將 60V-220V 的發射脈沖施加到故障電纜或好相,能測定絕緣電阻小于 1000 歐姆的低阻電纜故障。

低壓脈沖法圖


(2)二次脈沖法
  在低(di)壓脈(mo)沖法的基礎上,向(xiang)故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)發射(she)高壓脈(mo)沖,使(shi)故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)瞬(shun)間擊穿,利(li)用脈(mo)沖在故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)和近(jin)端(duan)來回(hui)反射(she)的原理,測量反射(she)時間,計算出電(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)距離。此方法國產儀(yi)器上使(shi)用已(yi)很多,但(dan)是其實際(ji)波形非常復(fu)雜,需(xu)要訓練有(you)素和富(fu)有(you)經驗的專業人員才能掌握。


(3)弧反射法
  弧反(fan)射(she)法對故障電纜施加三個脈沖(chong)(chong),其中(zhong)的高壓(ya)(ya)脈沖(chong)(chong)瞬間(jian)擊穿故障點;低(di)壓(ya)(ya)脈沖(chong)(chong)發射(she)測量脈沖(chong)(chong),并接收反(fan)射(she)信號;中(zhong)壓(ya)(ya)脈沖(chong)(chong)延長(chang)燃弧時(shi)間(jian),給低(di)壓(ya)(ya)脈沖(chong)(chong)采集反(fan)射(she)信號留出充裕的時(shi)間(jian)。因而弧反(fan)射(she)法沒有利(li)用儲能(neng)電容放電起(qi)始瞬間(jian)產生(sheng)的脈沖(chong)(chong)來檢測反(fan)射(she)時(shi)間(jian),而是避過電容放電過程(cheng)


  起始部分(fen)雜亂的(de)(de)波形。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)(dian)波形穩定(ding)后,故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)仍然(ran)維持,發射一(yi)(yi)個(ge)低壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong),使脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)在故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)產生短路反(fan)射。當(dang)故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熄(xi)滅后,電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障定(ding)位系統再向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜發射一(yi)(yi)個(ge)低壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong),比較 2 個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)波形,其分(fen)歧(qi)點(dian)(dian)處即為電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障點(dian)(dian),因此弧(hu)反(fan)射法波形清晰明(ming)了,無須反(fan)復培訓和(he)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)經驗的(de)(de)人員都(dou)能快速(su)準確測(ce)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障點(dian)(dian),代(dai)表著今后 10-20 年的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障測(ce)試(shi)(shi)技術方(fang)向(xiang)。
附下圖:弧反射法原理圖

弧反射法原理圖

三、準確(que)定點(dian)

1、 聲磁同步法
  沖(chong)擊發生(sheng)器(qi)在電(dian)纜故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)處引起閃(shan)(shan)絡后會產生(sheng)磁場和強烈可測聽的(de)閃(shan)(shan)絡聲音。由于聲磁傳播速度不同,聲磁同步定點(dian)(dian)儀探頭(tou)可先后拾取(qu)該磁場和聲場,且(qie)接收器(qi)顯示屏(ping)可自動顯示該時間差(cha),當探頭(tou)位(wei)于故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)的(de)正上方時,距離故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian) 近,因(yin)而時間差(cha)也 小,此處即為故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)的(de)準確位(wei)置。

2、 跨步電壓法(fa)
  由高壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)生器與定(ding)點儀(yi)共同組合使用,通過兩根接(jie)(jie)地(di)鐵(tie)釬,尋找(zhao)土壤中(zhong)電勢 低點而準確定(ding)點。在故(gu)(gu)障點處(chu)(chu)流入大(da)地(di)的(de)測試電流導致(zhi)故(gu)(gu)障點處(chu)(chu)為正(zheng)負電壓(ya)(ya)峰值(zhi)轉(zhuan)換點,在故(gu)(gu)障點前(qian)接(jie)(jie)近故(gu)(gu)障時(shi),跨(kua)步電壓(ya)(ya)增(zeng)加,越過故(gu)(gu)障后跨(kua)步電壓(ya)(ya)減小,并(bing)且極(ji)性改變。在接(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)(gu)障點正(zheng)上方時(shi),定(ding)點儀(yi)指針(zhen)停在零位,此處即(ji)為電纜故障點的準確位置(zhi)。附下圖:跨步電壓法原理圖


跨步電壓法原理圖


四、電纜外護套故障定位


1、外護套故障預定位
  外護(hu)套故障(zhang)預定(ding)位有 2 種基本(ben)的方(fang)法(fa)(fa),電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法(fa)(fa)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)位準(zhun)確,操作方(fang)便,但易受干擾。構成橋(qiao)路的兩根電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)包(bao)含很大(da)的面積,附近正(zheng)在運行的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),汽車火花塞的干擾,化學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢等等,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)無法(fa)(fa)平(ping)衡。此時,用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)法(fa)(fa)預定(ding)位定(ding)位更為實用(yong)。因此經實踐(jian)篩選后的方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降法。


  下(xia)圖中,XP 及 PY 間的電阻之(zhi)比,等于其長(chang)度(du)之(zhi)比。若(ruo)在 X 點(dian)與地之(zhi)間加高壓(ya),電流(liu)(liu)(liu)經 Rp 流(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)地 。通常 Rp 值較大,與所(suo)加電壓(ya)有關,電流(liu)(liu)(liu)往(wang)往(wang)不穩定,專門設(she)計的高壓(ya)定位電源,強制(zhi)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)穩定,且在 20 到(dao) 100mA 范圍(wei)可(ke)調。相同電流(liu)(liu)(liu)值下(xia),測量 XP 段的電壓(ya)降 U1, PY 段的電壓(ya)降U2,得到(dao)L1 =LU1/(U1+U2)


電壓降法定位原理圖

電壓降法定位原理圖



2、外護套故障準確定點:跨步電壓法

  由于(yu)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)外(wai)護套(tao)難以承受沖(chong)擊聲(sheng)測(ce)法時的沖(chong)擊電(dian)壓(ya),所以對(dui)于(yu)外(wai)護套(tao)故障準確定點 好是用(yong)跨步(bu)電(dian)壓(ya)法。


  由高壓發生器與定點儀共同組合使用,通過兩根接地鐵釬,尋找土壤中電勢 低點而準確定點。在故障點處流入大地的測試電流導致故障點處為正負電壓峰值轉換點,在故障點前接近故障時,跨步電壓增加,越過故障后跨步電壓減小,并且極性改變。在接地故障點正上方時,定點儀指針停在零位,此處即為電纜故障點的準確位置。


  總之,在電纜來到中國 110 多年的時間里,電纜故障定位就始終伴隨著電纜的運行、檢修和試驗專業技術人員。電纜故障測試技術需要四個步驟,電纜故障性質判斷、預定位、電纜路徑定位、準確定點。其中的準確定點,現場挖開故障點后眼見為實是儀器優劣的決定性判斷依據。電纜故障測試實(shi)踐(jian)證明,技術(shu)發展的(de)(de)代表(biao)性趨勢是一體化(hua)的(de)(de)電纜故(gu)障定(ding)位系(xi)統、全(quan)自動(dong)的(de)(de)外護套定(ding)位系(xi)統和高(gao)壓電橋(qiao)三類儀器(qi),可以解決電力(li)系(xi)統遇到的(de)(de)各種電纜故(gu)障。




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