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礦用電纜故障測試中電纜故障準確定點及注意事項

標簽: 電纜故障測試儀

  礦(kuang)用電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)測(ce)試中電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)準確定點及注意(yi)事(shi)項:隨著煤礦(kuang)采掘機械化水平提高以及大功率用電(dian)設備的(de)投入(ru),供電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)升級,井下橡套電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)被(bei)越來越多的(de)廣泛(fan)使用,由于井下環境潮濕、機械外力(li)損傷、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)電(dian)腐蝕(shi)、長期(qi)超(chao)負(fu)荷運行、彎曲(qu)扭曲(qu)等疲勞(lao)損害、連接(jie)工(gong)藝差等原因(yin),電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)層(ceng)出(chu)不窮,下面介紹具體故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang):


A、低阻接地或短路故障:

  指電纜一芯或數芯對地絕緣電阻或者芯線間絕緣電阻低于10K,而導體連接良好者,又可分為單相接地、兩相短路或接地,三項短路或接地。

B、高阻接地或短路故障:
  指電纜一芯或數芯對地絕緣電阻或者芯線間絕緣電阻低于正常值較多但是高于10K,一般有單相接地,多相短路或接地等。

C、完全斷線故障:
  電纜各芯線絕緣良好,一芯或數芯斷線。

D、不完全斷線故障:
  電纜各芯線絕緣良好,一芯或數芯導體斷開或不完全斷開經電阻聯通者,可分為高阻斷線故障和低阻斷線故障。

F、完全斷線并接地故障:
  電纜芯線間絕緣良好,但芯線斷開,處于高阻或者低阻接地。
 

   故障清(qing)楚(chu)了,來談(tan)談(tan)如何快速查找故障,電纜故障準確定(ding)點(dian)是(shi)重點(dian),下面是(shi)各類電纜故障的準確定(ding)點(dian)方法(fa)淺談(tan):(附(fu)圖,附(fu)對應(ying)的成套電纜故障定(ding)點(dian)設備(bei))

電纜故障定點設備


一、準確定點的方法

  從整個電纜故障測量技術來看,故障點的準確定點是重點,也是各種煤礦電纜故障測試儀準確與否的關鍵。

  由于電纜的故障性質不同,定點的具體做法稍有差異,所以下面就針對不同性質的電纜故障分別進行分析和討論。

1.低阻故障的定點
  用低壓(ya)脈(mo)沖法對低阻故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)進行故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)粗測(ce)后(hou),按圖1連接線路,然后(hou)在(zai)粗測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內進行定點(dian)。由于(yu)這類故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)阻小(xiao),因此故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)間隙也小(xiao),致使施(shi)加的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)高(gao)壓(ya)在(zai)不很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)便發生閃絡(luo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。


  這時(shi)因(yin)閃絡放電(dian)(dian)而產生的(de)沖擊振動波也小,因(yin)此(ci)給定點(dian)時(shi)的(de)測聽工作增加了難度。再加上定點(dian)現場其他因(yin)素的(de)干擾,這時(shi)的(de)放電(dian)(dian)聲往往不易分辨(bian)甚至聽不到放電(dian)(dian)聲,當(dang)發生這種情(qing)況(kuang)時(shi),可(ke)以人為(wei)地調節球間隙的(de)距離,以控制沖擊電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)高(gao)低(di);


  同時還可以通過(guo)加大貯能電容(rong)器(qi)的電容(rong)量(liang),增強放(fang)電強度,從而(er)獲得較(jiao)強、較(jiao)大的放(fang)電聲,便于(yu)收聽(ting)、分析(xi)和判斷故障點的準(zhun)確位置。當然,無(wu)論任何(he)時間,收聽(ting)到聲音 大的點即為故障點。


低阻故障定點接線圖
圖1低阻故障定點接線圖
2.高阻故障定點法


  高(gao)阻(zu)故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定點方法(fa)和(he)低阻(zu)一樣,接線方法(fa)仍(reng)如圖(tu)1所示。因(yin)這類故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)抗較高(gao),定點時施加沖擊電(dian)壓除非達到較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幅度,故障(zhang)點才會發生(sheng)(sheng)閃絡放電(dian),故放電(dian)聲和(he)由此而產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊振動波一般說來(lai)都比較大,較便于收聽、分(fen)析和(he)辨別,因(yin)而相比之下就比較容(rong)易定點。


3.開路故障的定點

   對于開路(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的定點(dian)(dian),電(dian)路(lu)連接如圖2所示(shi)。由圖可以(yi)看出,在故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)相的一(yi)端(duan)加沖擊(ji)高(gao)壓,而故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)相的另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)及另(ling)外兩相和(he)電(dian)纜鉛包連接后充分接地,然后利(li)用定點(dian)(dian)儀在粗測(ce)的范圍內進(jin)行定點(dian)(dian)。因開路(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)類(lei)似于高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang),因此(ci)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)現象(xiang)與(yu)高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)相類(lei)似。在定點(dian)(dian)時(shi),除(chu)電(dian)路(lu)連接與(yu)高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)定點(dian)(dian)時(shi)稍有區別外,其定點(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)與(yu)高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的定點(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)相同。


開路故障定點接線圖


圖2開路故障定點接線圖

4.特殊位置故障點的定點

  上述僅是一般情況下的定點方法,即故障點都遠離測試端。如果故障點就在測試端附近,這時故障點的放電聲會被球隙的放電聲所淹沒。因此故障點的放電聲不易被測尋人員收聽,當然也就無法定點了。當遇到這種情況時,可以采用如下措施進行接線,

  如圖(tu)3所示。由圖(tu)可見,由于(yu)人(ren)為地將球(qiu)間隙(xi)(xi)放(fang)到遠(yuan)離(li)測(ce)試端(duan)的(de)另(ling)一端(duan),并(bing)通(tong)過已知(zhi)的(de)正常相對故障(zhang)相加電(dian)壓,從而達(da)到故障(zhang)相閃絡放(fang)電(dian)的(de)目的(de)。這時因串入回路的(de)球(qiu)間隙(xi)(xi)遠(yuan)離(li)測(ce)試端(duan),因此(ci)當故障(zhang)點(dian)放(fang)電(dian)時就(jiu)比較容易收聽了,就(jiu)不會因球(qiu)隙(xi)(xi)放(fang)電(dian)聲的(de)干(gan)擾(rao)而難(nan)以辨(bian)別了。

故障點在測試端附近的接線圖

圖3故障點在測試端附近的接線圖

二、定位技巧

  上面介紹了故障點在常規和特殊位置時的定點方法,而實際測尋時遇到的情況往往要比想象的復雜的多,即使按上面介紹的方法進行定點,仍有很多技巧性的東西需要掌握。下面推薦兩種定點中的技巧。

1.同步定點法

  所謂同步定點,就是利用兩臺(種)設備在同一地點、同一時間同時接收放電信息,從刑排除其他因素的干擾而準確迅速地確定故障點的準確位置。某供電局曾用一部定點儀和一對對講機的配合使用來實現同步定點,接線圖如圖1或圖26所示。
定點現場的環境是復雜的,如電力部門的電纜通常都設在街道的一側,來往車輛的車輪壓碾馬路和行人的腳步聲都會經探頭傳給定點儀的放大電路,與故障點放電閃絡時所產生的“啪、啪”聲波同時放大,致使測尋人員很難辨別清哪些是無用的雜音,哪些是有用的放電聲,從而增加了定點的難度。遇到這種情況就只好靠同步定點法進行定點了。

  具體做法是:甲對講機置于球間隙處,并使之處于發射狀態,乙對講機置于定點處,并使之處于接收狀態,這時只要球間隙放電發出聲音,處于球間隙處的甲機便接收這一信號并向外發射,定點者在故障范圍內,只要從耳機中接收到和乙對講機發出的放電聲同步的信號,就足以說明該處就是故障電纜的故障點。

2.三點兩次比較定點法
    
    為了準確(que)迅(xun)速地在 短的(de)時間內確(que)定(ding)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)的(de)準確(que)位置,合理地在粗(cu)測范(fan)圍(wei)內選(xuan)擇(ze)測聽點(dian)(dian)是非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)。否則會因選(xuan)點(dian)(dian)不佳而延誤時間。這里介紹某電(dian)業局采用的(de)一種方法(fa),即二點(dian)(dian)兩次(ci)比較(jiao)定(ding)點(dian)(dian)法(fa),其選(xuan)點(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)如圖(tu)4所示。

兩次比較法選點圖

圖4兩次比較法選點圖


  首先按測試儀測出的距離S在故障電纜上選(xuan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)a,然后再在(zai)S±10 m處選(xuan)出b和c兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),這時(shi)(shi)所(suo)要選(xuan)的(de)三個點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)已基本確定(ding)。定(ding)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)首先在(zai)a、b兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)聽比(bi)(bi)較,此時(shi)(shi)如(ru)果(guo)b點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)音大(da)于(yu)a 點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),則(ze)說明(ming)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)在(zai)b附近,即(ji)可(ke)(ke)以圍繞(rao)(rao)b點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行定(ding)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果(guo)b點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)音小(xiao)于(yu)a點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),可(ke)(ke)以進(jin)行第(di)二(er)次測(ce)(ce)聽比(bi)(bi)較,即(ji)對a、c點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行比(bi)(bi)較,如(ru)果(guo)此時(shi)(shi)a點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)音大(da)于(yu)c點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),則(ze)可(ke)(ke)肯定(ding)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)在(zai)a點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)附近;那么可(ke)(ke)以圍繞(rao)(rao)a點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行定(ding)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果(guo)在(zai)第(di)二(er)次測(ce)(ce)聽比(bi)(bi)較時(shi)(shi),c點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲(sheng)音大(da)于(yu)a點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),則(ze)說明(ming)故障(zhang)就(jiu)在(zai)c點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)周(zhou)圍,即(ji)可(ke)(ke)圍繞(rao)(rao)c點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)行定(ding)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。


  用上述(shu)方(fang)法進行(xing)定(ding)(ding)點,一般情(qing)況下,一兩個小時內確(que)定(ding)(ding)故障點是問題不(bu)大(da)的。另外,為使測聽真切(qie)和直(zhi)觀(guan),還可(ke)(ke)對(dui)上述(shu)三(san)點進行(xing)局(ju)部開挖,因為土方(fang)量并不(bu)大(da),實踐證(zheng)明(ming),這樣更便于定(ding)(ding)點,同時可(ke)(ke)收到事半(ban)功(gong)倍的效果。

煤礦電纜故障測試儀全套設備組圖

煤礦電纜故障測試儀全套設備組圖


  目前煤礦電纜故障測試儀(全套設備組圖,如上圖)可以較好地完成上述三項測試任務,具體測量步驟如下:

  (1)將主機與被測電纜連接,顯示故障波形,并測出故障性質及故障點距離;
  (2)將路徑儀與被測電纜連接,用定點儀測量電纜走向和埋設深度;
  (3)將高壓(ya)設備與被(bei)測電纜連接,用(yong)定點儀沿電纜走(zou)向測出故障點準確位(wei)置。



定點儀沿電纜走向測出故障點準確位置


三、需注意的幾個問題



    在(zai)電纜故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)測(ce)尋(xun)時(shi),借助現代(dai)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)儀器和設(she)備,便可(ke)準(zhun)確迅(xun)速地確定故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確位置,為故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)迅(xun)速處理,盡快(kuai)恢復送電贏得(de)(de)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)。但(dan)是如果測(ce)尋(xun)不(bu)得(de)(de)法,則可(ke)能導致(zhi)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)損壞和故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)擴大,給國家帶來不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)損失,給測(ce)尋(xun)工作增添麻(ma)煩,下面談談測(ce)尋(xun)中(zhong)應(ying)注意的(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)問題。


(1)在用沖擊放電聲定點時(包括測距)應特別注意電纜的耐壓等級。
     
  一般情況(kuang)下(xia),沖擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)幅度不應超(chao)過(guo)正常運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)3.5倍,即(ji)10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所(suo)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不應超(chao)過(guo)35 kV。6 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)應不超(chao)過(guo)21 kV。不過(guo)在(zai)做電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻沖閃測距時(shi),由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻的(de)分(fen)壓作(zuo)用,電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)上實際所(suo)承受的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓還不到(dao)所(suo)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)二分(fen)之一。因此(ci),此(ci)時(shi)的(de)沖擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓可適當(dang)提高(gao)到(dao)50 kV。


(2)前面已提到,準確定點是電纜故障測尋的重點。
   
  定點順(shun)利時(shi)可(ke)在1~2 h內結束,而不順(shun)利時(shi),有(you)時(shi)可(ke)能幾個小時(shi)甚至幾天都(dou)確定不下(xia)來(lai),尤其是(shi)封閉性(xing)故障和定點時(shi)周(zhou)圍環境特別吵鬧時(shi),都(dou)會(hui)使(shi)定點工(gong)作感到極(ji)難。這時(shi)定點人員往往都(dou)表現得比較急燥。越(yue)是(shi)遇到這種(zhong)情況,越(yue)是(shi)需要冷靜,否則會(hui)把(ba)問題越(yue)搞(gao)(gao)越(yue)復雜,越(yue)搞(gao)(gao)越(yue)糟。

   
    總(zong)之(zhi),相信礦用電(dian)纜故障測試儀器,作為一個專業的(de)或兼職(zhi)的(de)測尋人員(yuan),只要能(neng)認真、冷靜(jing)地(di)分析故障的(de)類型(xing)和性(xing)質,平時多注意積累這方面(mian)的(de)經驗、分析以(yi)往的(de)每一次測尋工作,久而(er)久之(zhi),就能(neng)做到(dao)(dao)得(de)心應手地(di)掌握儀器、設備,收到(dao)(dao)滿意的(de)效果。

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