電纜故障測試儀原理及查找使用方法_探測儀全套方案
標簽: 電纜故障測試儀隨著城市的快速(su)(su)發展(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)纜使用越來(lai)越頻繁(fan),電(dian)(dian)纜的安全運行(xing)就成為每(mei)個供(gong)電(dian)(dian)部(bu)門(men)保障(zhang)的重(zhong)點。電(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)不可避免,如何快速(su)(su)解(jie)決電(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障(zhang)成為搶(qiang)修人員的面臨的主要工作(zuo)內(nei)容。
一、電纜的分類:
電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)根(gen)據絕緣(yuan)介質不同分為:交聯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、聚氯(lv)乙烯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、油浸紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、不滴(di)流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(也稱之為少油電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)),橡套電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)等;根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)壓不同分為:高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、控制電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)、通訊電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)等;
二、電纜故障分類:
電纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的形(xing)成(cheng)主要(yao)是機械拉傷、化學腐蝕(shi)、電纜(lan)長時間過流,或者(zhe)地基沉降等因素造(zao)成(cheng)的。電纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)分(fen)為(wei)兩大類(lei):低阻(zu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和高阻(zu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。高阻(zu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)又分(fen)為(wei) :閃(shan)絡性(xing)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和泄漏性(xing)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang),相地閃(shan)絡性(xing)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)相當(dang)于相線和地之間形(xing)成(cheng)一個(ge)間隙。如圖:
伏安特性如下(xia)圖:
泄漏性故障,相當于相地(di)之間形成一(yi)個大電阻(zu),這(zhe)個電阻(zu)小于電纜的絕(jue)緣(yuan)電阻(zu),如圖:
泄漏性故障示意圖
伏安特(te)性如下圖:
這(zhe)在測試電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障中有(you)什(shen)么實(shi)際意義(yi)?這(zhe)說明電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障要打(da)穿放電(dian)(dian),需要加足夠的電(dian)(dian)壓,只有(you)電(dian)(dian)壓達到一定(ding)程度,電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障才能被擊穿。低阻(zu)故(gu)障:絕(jue)緣阻(zu)值小(xiao)于100歐(ou)姆的故(gu)障,這(zhe)種故(gu)障粗測非常(chang)簡單,但是放電(dian)(dian)聲較小(xiao)或者沒有(you),定(ding)點相(xiang)對比較麻煩。
三、電纜故障測試儀的組成:
電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障測(ce)(ce)試(shi)儀(yi)組成:主機(ji)、路徑(jing)儀(yi)、定點(dian)儀(yi)、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)設備(bei)和(he)(he)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)容(rong)。電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)儀(yi)的(de)主機(ji):用(yong)來(lai)(lai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)長度、電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障的(de)大概位置(zhi);路徑(jing)儀(yi):用(yong)來(lai)(lai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)走向(xiang)和(he)(he)埋設深(shen)度;定點(dian)儀(yi)也(ye)是(shi)后解決問(wen)題(ti)的(de)關鍵設備(bei):用(yong)來(lai)(lai)經(jing)確定點(dian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障位置(zhi);高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)設備(bei)和(he)(he)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)容(rong):用(yong)來(lai)(lai)給故(gu)(gu)(gu)障電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)打壓(ya)(ya),是(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障點(dian)放(fang)電(dian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)障點(dian)產生振(zhen)動,為(wei)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障定點(dian)創造條(tiao)件。
電纜故障測試儀主機:
目前,常用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)測(ce)(ce)試主機有(you)(you)(you)兩種(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)設計的(de)(de),一種(zhong)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de),另一種(zhong)為(wei)雷達(da)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de),也(ye)叫時(shi)(shi)域反射(she)法原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)。這兩種(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)設備都很成熟,雷達(da)法原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)的(de)(de)主機通常稱為(wei)閃測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)或者沖閃儀(yi),是(shi)目前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)測(ce)(ce)試的(de)(de)主流設備。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)測(ce)(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障時(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)一根好相,而且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)尾(wei)端需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)好相和(he)壞相跨接,并且要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)跨接線(xian)的(de)(de)截面積(ji)(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)截面積(ji)(ji)相當。而閃測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)就沒有(you)(you)(you)那(nei)么多限制,也(ye)不需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)尾(wei)端短接,工作量相對較(jiao)少。但是(shi),在測(ce)(ce)試有(you)(you)(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障時(shi)(shi),由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)介質(zhi)或者是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結(jie)構的(de)(de)問題(ti),閃測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)采不出測(ce)(ce)試波形,這時(shi)(shi)就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)進(jin)行(xing)輔助測(ce)(ce)試,另外,測(ce)(ce)試110KV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)外護套故(gu)障時(shi)(shi),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)(ce)距。綜上(shang)所述,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)想粗測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故(gu)障位置,除了需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)閃測(ce)(ce)儀(yi),有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)還(huan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)(qiao)。
幾種主流的閃測儀:
1、 液晶顯示閃測(ce)儀如圖:
這是一款全功能、小型化的電纜故障測試儀,特點是體積小、重量輕、操作簡單、耗電量小、待機時間長、開機速度快。
2、 觸摸屏(ping)閃(shan)測儀如圖:
3、 多(duo)次脈沖閃測儀(yi)如圖:
多次脈沖(chong)電(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)障測(ce)試(shi)儀是近年來比較流行(xing)的(de)閃(shan)測(ce)儀,優點(dian)是將沖(chong)閃(shan)波(bo)形(相對不(bu)規則)轉換為低壓(ya)脈沖(chong)波(bo)形,使波(bo)形易于識(shi)別。缺點(dian):需要增加多次脈沖(chong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)器,將多脈沖(chong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)器串接到高(gao)壓(ya)發生(sheng)器和(he)故(gu)障電(dian)纜(lan)之間,利用(yong)閃(shan)測(ce)儀在多脈沖(chong)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)器上進行(xing)采集波(bo)形,這樣就必須升高(gao)電(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)障的(de)擊穿電(dian)壓(ya),這樣才能采集到的(de)多次脈沖(chong)的(de)故(gu)障波(bo)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)分為高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)和低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao),低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障測試中極少使用。下面(mian)是幾種高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)7000V一體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao),需要知(zhi)道電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)長度(du),手(shou)動計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障位置(zhi)。
配(pei)合不(bu)同的外部(bu)電(dian)源,可以高(gao)升(sheng)到35KV。需要預置電(dian)纜長度,自動顯(xian)示(shi)
路徑儀:隨著數字技術快速發展,設備的快速更新,路徑分為了兩種,一種是傳統的模擬電路的路徑儀,一種是全數字的金屬管線探測儀代替了路徑儀。
1、 傳統的路(lu)徑(jing)儀如(ru)圖:
這(zhe)是發射部分(fen)。接(jie)收部分(fen)多種多樣,例如下圖:
金屬管線探測儀是(shi)一(yi)款功(gong)能(neng)強大的(de)儀器,可(ke)以使用多(duo)種模式(直(zhi)連法(fa)(fa)、感應(ying)法(fa)(fa)、耦合法(fa)(fa))測試(shi)(shi)金屬(shu)管(guan)線(xian)的(de)路徑,可(ke)以測試(shi)(shi)帶電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)或者不帶電(dian)(dian)路徑、埋設深度、還可(ke)以帶電(dian)(dian)識別電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),可(ke)以查找(zhao)金屬(shu)性接地故障(需要(yao)配(pei)備(bei)A字架)。全數字顯示(shi),聲音提示(shi),操作簡單。
定點儀:定點儀種類眾多,外形各異,定點儀的重要指標是靈敏度和抗干擾能力,將信噪比做的合適,就是一部好的定點儀。
參考圖如下:
聲磁(ci)同步定點儀,帶有(you)光柱顯示。
跨步電壓法定點儀(yi),用來(lai)測(ce)試金(jin)屬(shu)性接地故障。
四、電纜故障測試儀的高壓附件:
電纜故障測試的高壓配件主要有試驗變壓器和電容,根據不同的組合形成多種樣式的產品。
1、 基本型:3KVA/50KV或者5KVA/50KV直流試驗變壓器,操作箱、35KV/2uF或者30KV/2uF脈沖電容器。這些設備非常常見。
2、 設備升級(ji)(1):利用(yong)電子技(ji)術(shu)將(jiang)直流試驗變壓(ya)器、操(cao)作箱(xiang)的功能一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化集(ji)成,體(ti)(ti)積小(xiao)、重量輕的升壓(ya)設備。如(ru)圖:
目前,經常使用的有兩個規格:25KV、35KV兩種,輸出電流在40mA左右,重量8公斤左右,代替了數十公斤的試驗變壓器和操作箱。這種設備功率較小,適合于低壓或者電纜較短的高壓電纜故障(例如:1公里以內)
3、 設(she)備升級(ji)(2):利(li)用(yong)電子技術,將試驗變(bian)壓(ya)器、操(cao)作箱、電容(rong)器、球間隙集成在一(yi)起,實現遙控(kong)/手動一(yi)體化操(cao)作,遙控(kong)距離不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)1000米,自動升壓(ya)、自動放電,多種功能為一(yi)體的小(xiao)型化設(she)備。如(ru)圖:
內置電容20KV/4uF,電壓輸出20KV,短路電流40mA,重量8公斤。
4、 升級設備(3):將干式變壓器(qi)或者油式變壓器(qi),操作(zuo)箱、電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、球間隙,組合在一(yi)起,實現自動升壓、自動放電(dian)(dian)、有線控(kong)制一(yi)體化設備。如圖:
輸出(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)70KV,短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流100mA,電(dian)容(rong)30KV/1uF或者30KV/2uF,重量55公(gong)斤左右。
五、電纜故障測試基本步驟:
首先,判斷故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)是相間故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)還是相地故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),然后利(li)用絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試儀(yi)(yi)和萬用表(biao)判斷是高阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)還是低(di)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),大于(yu)100歐姆為(wei)高阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),反之為(wei)低(di)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。利(li)用閃測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)好相測(ce)(ce)(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)長(chang)度,這個過程(cheng)大約(yue)需要幾分鐘(zhong),就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)完成。閃測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)是用來測(ce)(ce)(ce)試發射(she)(she)波和反射(she)(she)波時(shi)間差(cha)的(de)(de),電(dian)(dian)(dian)波在電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)中的(de)(de)傳播速(su)度是做實驗測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)出(chu)來的(de)(de),根據時(shi)間乘(cheng)以(yi)速(su)度,計算出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)長(chang)度,這些過程(cheng)是在閃測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)內部完成的(de)(de),我(wo)們(men)只需要確定測(ce)(ce)(ce)試波形起點和終點,電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)長(chang)度就(jiu)在閃測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀(yi)(yi)上(shang)顯示出(chu)來了。
有人(ren)會問,這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試結果(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)否會有誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),如果(guo)(guo)有誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),大概是(shi)(shi)多少(shao)?這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)試結果(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)有誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。閃測(ce)(ce)儀計算(suan)發射(she)波(bo)(bo)和反(fan)射(she)波(bo)(bo)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),這(zhe)個(ge)誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)可以(yi)忽(hu)略不計,主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)在于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)(bo)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du),傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)主(zhu)要(yao)受到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)絕緣介(jie)質(zhi)有關(guan),而和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)截面積無關(guan),和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料也無關(guan)。高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)現(xian)在主(zhu)要(yao)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)交聯乙(yi)烯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)大概為172米/微秒(miao),這(zhe)個(ge)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)經過我們(men)長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐驗證是(shi)(shi)比較準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)很(hen)(hen)小。以(yi)前使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油浸紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)為160米/微秒(miao),這(zhe)個(ge)數值也非常準確(que),誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)很(hen)(hen)小,只是(shi)(shi)現(xian)在這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)很(hen)(hen)少(shao)使用(yong)了。而現(xian)在使用(yong)低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)中(zhong)塑料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)、橡套(tao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)相差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)很(hen)(hen)大,每個(ge)廠家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)都(dou)有差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)異,而且差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)異比較大,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)測(ce)(ce)試誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素。
如何減少傳播(bo)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)引起(qi)的誤差,可以使用(yong)以下方法:閃測(ce)(ce)儀中(zhong)有一(yi)項功能(neng),測(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)度(du)(du),也就是測(ce)(ce)電波在電纜(lan)中(zhong)的傳播(bo)速(su)(su)度(du)(du),首先找一(yi)盤已知長度(du)(du)的電纜(lan),將電纜(lan)全長輸入閃測(ce)(ce)儀中(zhong),利用(yong)閃測(ce)(ce)儀采樣(yang),就能(neng)測(ce)(ce)試出(chu)電纜(lan)的傳播(bo)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)。接線方式及測(ce)(ce)試波形如下:
圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上半部是(shi)(shi)(shi)接線(xian)圖(tu),非(fei)常簡單,將(jiang)測(ce)試線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紅夾子(zi)接到(dao)電纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好相,黑夾子(zi)接到(dao)電纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)另一個好相或(huo)者電纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎧裝(zhuang),利(li)用(yong)閃測(ce)儀低壓脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)法進行采樣(yang)(yang),得(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)下半部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個正(zheng)(zheng)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形圖(tu),脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)1,是(shi)(shi)(shi)閃測(ce)儀發(fa)射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)2和3是(shi)(shi)(shi)反射(she)(she)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)2是(shi)(shi)(shi)一次反射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo),脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)3是(shi)(shi)(shi)二次反射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo),我(wo)們測(ce)試的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上升沿(yan)(yan)和反射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)上升沿(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間差(cha),如(ru)(ru)(ru)果設置了(le)速度,得(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)長,如(ru)(ru)(ru)果輸入了(le)全(quan)長,得(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)傳播速度。上面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形圖(tu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以正(zheng)(zheng)面沖(chong)(chong)(chong)為例的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如(ru)(ru)(ru)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)負脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)閃測(ce)儀,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)測(ce)試發(fa)射(she)(she)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)(jiang)沿(yan)(yan)和發(fa)射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下降(jiang)(jiang)沿(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間差(cha),或(huo)者說測(ce)試時(shi)間差(cha)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)發(fa)射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)和反射(she)(she)波(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前沿(yan)(yan)(原理:S=V*t)。通(tong)過這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法,平(ping)時(shi)將(jiang)經常用(yong)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播速度測(ce)試出(chu)(chu)來,并且記錄下來,在以后(hou)發(fa)生故障時(shi)使(shi)用(yong),這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)就(jiu)會將(jiang)測(ce)試誤差(cha)降(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)低。
測試低阻(短路)故障波形(xing)圖:
脈沖1為發(fa)射波,脈沖2為反射波,發(fa)射波與反射波極(ji)性相反,這種波形(xing)(xing)一旦出現,就證明電纜是短路(lu)故障,S就是故障距(ju)(ju)離。如(ru)果(guo)是高阻(zu)故障,就需要使用(yong)升壓設備(bei),將故障點(dian)瞬(shun)間擊穿,然后利用(yong)閃(shan)測儀采(cai)集波形(xing)(xing),分析波形(xing)(xing),判斷故障距(ju)(ju)離,接(jie)線圖(tu)及波形(xing)(xing)圖(tu)如(ru)下:
這是標準波形(xing)
下面是實測波形
這幾個(ge)波(bo)形(xing)相(xiang)對比(bi)較(jiao)容易判別,拐點比(bi)較(jiao)容易判斷(duan)。這是一個(ge)正方向波(bo)形(xing)圖。
這(zhe)個波(bo)形(xing)是反向的(與電(dian)流取(qu)樣(yang)器有關,可以調(diao)整一下(xia)電(dian)流取(qu)樣(yang)器,使波(bo)形(xing)反過來),這(zhe)個波(bo)形(xing)相對比較難以判斷,這(zhe)臺閃測儀的軟件中帶有波(bo)形(xing)局(ju)部放大功能,能夠減少粗測的誤差。
這是一個(ge)多周期(qi)測試波(bo)形,我們選擇了其中一個(ge)周期(qi)進行(xing)了標注,為(wei)了減(jian)少(shao)誤差,也可以標注多個(ge)周期(qi),然后取平均(jun)值。
為(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)要(yao)列舉這(zhe)么(me)多的(de)波(bo)(bo)形(xing),主要(yao)是為(wei)(wei)了(le)大家在實際(ji)測試故障(zhang)(zhang)中,找一個和(he)標準波(bo)(bo)形(xing)比較相近的(de)波(bo)(bo)形(xing),進(jin)行故障(zhang)(zhang)標注(zhu),這(zhe)樣(yang)測試誤差就會很小。至于(yu)為(wei)(wei)什(shen)么(me)要(yao)這(zhe)樣(yang)標注(zhu)故障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)起始點和(he)終點,請(qing)參看關(guan)于(yu)長(chang)線原(yuan)理,波(bo)(bo)反射原(yuan)理的(de)相關(guan)書籍(ji)。
如果(guo)(guo)經過加壓以(yi)(yi)(yi)后,沒有(you)(you)(you)采(cai)集到能夠(gou)判斷距離的(de)波形(xing),這(zhe)時需要(yao)分析,是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)夠(gou)高,故障(zhang)點(dian)沒有(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)穿(chuan)引起(qi)的(de)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)地線衰減太大(da)(da)引起(qi)的(de)。怎么判斷故障(zhang)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)擊(ji)穿(chuan),主要(yao)看放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),如果(guo)(guo)瞬間放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)于15A以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,我個人認為故障(zhang)點(dian)已(yi)經擊(ji)穿(chuan),如果(guo)(guo)沒有(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)穿(chuan),就(jiu)需要(yao)繼(ji)續升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,直到放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)瞬間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過15A。如果(guo)(guo)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)已(yi)經足(zu)夠(gou)大(da)(da),仍舊采(cai)集不(bu)到可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)標注的(de)波形(xing),就(jiu)要(yao)考慮是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)地線衰減過大(da)(da)引起(qi)的(de),這(zhe)些(xie)情況(kuang)多出現在塑料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)或(huo)者橡套電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)、有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)專用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)中,這(zhe)些(xie)就(jiu)需要(yao)借(jie)助高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)進行粗測(ce)。高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)試110KV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)外護套故障(zhang)。
經過以(yi)上幾(ji)步的(de)測試(shi),基(ji)本上可以(yi)測試(shi)出(chu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故障(zhang)的(de)大概(gai)位置(zhi),也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)完成了(le)粗測。然后需要測試(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)路(lu)徑(jing),也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)走向。這個部(bu)(bu)分沒有難(nan)點,無論是(shi)(shi)(shi)路(lu)徑(jing)儀(yi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)管線儀(yi),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有發射部(bu)(bu)分、接(jie)(jie)收(shou)部(bu)(bu)分,用接(jie)(jie)收(shou)機接(jie)(jie)收(shou)發射信號,通過聲(sheng)音或(huo)者數(shu)字找出(chu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)位置(zhi)以(yi)及埋(mai)設深度。
后就是定點。利用皮尺或者計米器測量到粗測的位置,給電纜上加壓,利用定點儀拾取電纜故障的(de)放電聲音(yin),找到聲音(yin)大點(dian),就是故障點(dian)。