電力電纜故障解決方法在我國電力電纜較普遍使用是上世紀60年代以后,等級有限,使用范圍較窄,當時為解決電纜故障,科研人員研制生產出了以“沖閃法”為原理的電纜故障測試儀。該儀器測試電纜故障的方法有三個步驟:
二步是查找路徑(如果路徑清楚這一步可以省掉)。在查找路徑(jing)(jing)時(shi),要給電纜(lan)加一信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(路徑(jing)(jing)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)發生(sheng)器),再用接收(shou)機接收(shou)這個信(xin)號(hao)(hao),沿(yan)著有信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的路徑(jing)(jing)走一遍(bian),就(jiu)確(que)定了電纜(lan)的路徑(jing)(jing)。但是,這個路徑(jing)(jing)的范(fan)圍大致要在1-2米之間,不(bu)是特別(bie)準確(que)。
三步是根據測出的距離來精準定位。其依據(ju)是(shi)(shi)(shi)打火放電產生的(de)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin),當(dang)從(cong)定(ding)點(dian)(dian)儀的(de)耳機聽(ting)到聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)zui大的(de)地方時(shi),也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)找(zhao)到了故障點(dian)(dian)的(de)位置。但是(shi)(shi)(shi),由于是(shi)(shi)(shi)聽(ting)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin),所以,受環(huan)境噪(zao)音(yin)(yin)的(de)影響,找(zhao)起來相當(dang)費時(shi)間,有時(shi)要(yao)等到晚上才可(ke)以。當(dang)遇到交(jiao)聯電纜(lan)時(shi),就更費時(shi)間了,因為,交(jiao)聯電纜(lan)一般都是(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)部放電,聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)非常小,幾乎聽(ting)不(bu)到,zui后只有丈量(liang)了。
因(yin)此上(shang)說(shuo),用這(zhe)種方(fang)法可(ke)以(yi)解決大(da)部(bu)分的(de)(de)以(yi)油侵紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)故障,對于近(jin)幾年出現的(de)(de)以(yi)交(jiao)聯(lian)材料(liao)和聚(ju)乙烯材料(liao)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)纜(lan)故障,測(ce)試(shi)效果不是太理想,原因(yin)是打火放(fang)電(dian)所產生的(de)(de)聲音往往很小(電(dian)纜(lan)外皮沒有(you)損傷,只是電(dian)纜(lan)內部(bu)放(fang)電(dian)),遇(yu)到這(zhe)種情況時,就只有(you)用其(qi)它方(fang)法來解決了。
雖(sui)然有這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足之處,但以(yi)(yi)(yi)“沖(chong)閃(shan)(shan)法”原(yuan)理設計成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)測(ce)試(shi)儀(yi)在(zai)(zai)很長一(yi)段時間(jian)內為企業(ye)解(jie)決(jue)了(le)不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),大家基本上是(shi)認可的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),其(qi)貢(gong)獻有口(kou)皆碑。目(mu)前已廣泛(fan)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)個行(xing)業(ye),隨著各(ge)(ge)(ge)行(xing)各(ge)(ge)(ge)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)(fa)展,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)途越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣泛(fan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類也(ye)不(bu)斷增多(duo),這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)生就(jiu)是(shi)一(yi)種必然。我們(men)(men)知道,各(ge)(ge)(ge)行(xing)業(ye)對所用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)等(deng)級、使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境、接(jie)線配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)、絕緣要(yao)求各(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)相同(tong),不(bu)同(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)特(te)(te)征也(ye)有很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)之處,原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)(fa)生故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素有許多(duo)方面,可目(mu)前人們(men)(men)由于以(yi)(yi)(yi)前養成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習慣,總轉(zhuan)子泵想以(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)種方式(shi)解(jie)決(jue)所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)市場上還是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)“沖(chong)閃(shan)(shan)法”為原(yuan)理設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)測(ce)試(shi)儀(yi)占(zhan)主導地位。然而,在(zai)(zai)有些(xie)行(xing)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)“沖(chong)閃(shan)(shan)法”去(qu)解(jie)決(jue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),根本就(jiu)測(ce)不(bu)出故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang),而且很有可能會產生嚴重(zhong)后果,如(ru)路燈用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和礦山用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)井下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)就(jiu)不(bu)能直(zhi)接(jie)用(yong)(yong)“沖(chong)閃(shan)(shan)法”去(qu)測(ce)試(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)其(qi)它行(xing)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)都有各(ge)(ge)(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)點,在(zai)(zai)此我們(men)(men)不(bu)能詳細介紹(shao)。但是(shi),隨著科學(xue)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)展,我們(men)(men)應該能夠找(zhao)到(dao)更加簡便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試(shi)方法,把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)進行(xing)分(fen)類,對癥(zheng)下(xia)藥,具體問題具體分(fen)析,這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)我們(men)(men)就(jiu)會發(fa)(fa)現(xian)實際有些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)無須“沖(chong)閃(shan)(shan)法”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)理,解(jie)決(jue)起來(lai)也(ye)十分(fen)方便快捷(jie)。
在(zai)多(duo)年的實際(ji)工作中(zhong),我們發現高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)和低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)的故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)各有許(xu)多(duo)不同之處(chu),高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)多(duo)以運行故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)為主,且大(da)多(duo)數是高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang),而(er)高(gao)阻故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)又分泄露(lu)和閃絡兩大(da)類型;而(er)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)只有開路、短(duan)路和斷路三種情況(當然,高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)也包(bao)括(kuo)這三種情況)。
⒍所帶(dai)負載變(bian)化較大,而且往往相(xiang)間不平衡,容(rong)易發(fa)熱(re),由此引發(fa)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)多(duo)為常見。
針對低壓電纜的以上特點和廣大用戶提出的建議以及我們對各個地方的實際使用情況等等因素的綜合考慮,陜西意聯電氣的研究人員又成功開發出了低壓電纜故障測試定位系統:該系統包括測距儀和定位儀兩部分。測距儀是完全智能化、人性化的設計,它自動完成電纜故障點的測試,無須人工分析故障波形,直接報出故障點距離和故障性質。采用電池供電,方便野外工作,體積小,重量輕,攜帶方便,無須任何輔助設備。電纜故障定位儀是針對直埋低壓電纜的埋設路徑,埋深及故障點位置進行同步定位測試的儀器。因為,它是采用電磁感應和跨步電壓原理設計的低壓電纜故障定位系統,它基本上滿足了低壓電纜故障測試的全部條件。這種測試系統比起以“沖閃法”為原理的電纜故障測試儀來說有許多優點:
⒈ 多種測試方法集于一身,相互驗證結果,以確定故障點。⒐ 價(jia)格低廉,一般用戶都能接受。
我們(men)知道(dao)低(di)壓電(dian)纜絕緣要求較低(di),同時運行過程中電(dian)流較大,出(chu)現故障(zhang)后(hou)有(you)明顯的(de)特征,具體歸類(lei)如下:
第(di)四(si)類(lei)故障:電(dian)纜內部(bu)短(duan)路,外表看(kan)不出痕跡,此類(lei)故障一般是由于電(dian)纜質(zhi)量造成(cheng)的(de),比較(jiao)少見。