近年來(lai),隨著國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)城鄉(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網改(gai)造和(he)(he)(he)特高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)建設,越來(lai)越多(duo)的 0.4k-500kV 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)投入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)。由(you)于國(guo)(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)制造、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)、附件安裝、外力(li)(li)破壞等(deng)原因,導(dao)致(zhi) 0.4kV--220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故障頻繁發生,嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響(xiang)了(le)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)(si)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)的提高和(he)(he)(he)同業對標工(gong)作(zuo)。根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)----日本東京(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si) 2003 年公(gong)司(si)(si)年報,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)線路占 75%的東京(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)每年每個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶平均停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間僅為 2 分鐘(Duration and Number of Annual Power Outages per Customer),遠遠高于中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)(si) 好水平。如(ru)何以 快(kuai)的速(su)度準確(que)定位(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故障,迎頭趕上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業水平,是(shi)國(guo)(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)試驗科學院和(he)(he)(he)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所目前 緊迫的技術和(he)(he)(he)管理課題。
一(yi)、電(dian)纜故障的分類和性質判(pan)斷(duan):
1、低阻故障(zhang)(zhang):電(dian)纜相間或相對地故障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)阻小于 1kΩ的故障(zhang)(zhang)稱之(zhi)為低阻故障(zhang)(zhang)。
2、 高(gao)阻故(gu)障(zhang):相對于低(di)阻故(gu)障(zhang),當(dang)電纜(lan)相間或相對地故(gu)障(zhang)電纜(lan)值(zhi)大于 1kΩ稱(cheng)之為(wei)高(gao)阻故(gu)障(zhang),也對應于高壓電橋法。4、外護套(tao)故障(zhang):根據國家電(dian)力行業標(biao)準 DL586-1996《電(dian)力設備預(yu)防性試驗規程》,66k-500kV
電纜聚(ju)氯乙烯(PVC)和(he)高密度聚(ju)乙烯(HDPE)外護套(tao)對(dui)地(di)絕緣電阻(zu)小于 500 兆歐姆或 5kV 直(zhi)流耐壓(ya)試驗不能通過的(de)缺(que)陷(xian)或故(gu)障。
判斷電纜故障性質:
(1)需要萬用表(biao)和搖表(biao)(高阻計)各一只,為保(bao)證讀數的穩定和準(zhun)確, 好是指針式(shi)表計;
(2)絕緣電(dian)阻測量(liang),用(yong)搖表、萬用(yong)表分別(bie)測量(liang)線芯(xin)對地(di)絕緣電(dian)阻和相(xiang)間絕緣電(dian)阻;(3)導體線芯連續性判斷,在電纜遠端將三相(xiang)短路,在近端用(yong)萬用(yong)表測量(liang)相(xiang)間(jian)導體電阻。
(4)如(ru)果(guo)(guo)導(dao)體線芯連續性(xing)試驗(yan)讀數為(wei)無窮大,則為(wei)斷線與開路故(gu)障(zhang)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)落在低阻(zu)和高阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)范圍,則判定為(wei)低阻(zu)或(huo)高阻(zu)故(gu)障(zhang)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)對(dui)66k-500kV超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜外(wai)護(hu)(hu)套測量,絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)小于(yu)500 兆歐姆或(huo)5kV直流耐壓(ya)試驗(yan)不(bu)能通(tong)過,則為(wei)外(wai)護(hu)(hu)套故(gu)障(zhang)。
二、電纜預定位
預定位方法有兩大類,電橋法和時域反(fan)射法 TDR 兩類。
1、電橋(qiao)法: 惠斯通/Murray 電橋(qiao)法,由高(gao)壓(ya)發生(sheng)器與橋(qiao)體(ti)、高(gao)靈敏度檢流計組成。利用故障點兩側(ce)的(de)電纜(lan)線(xian)芯(xin)電阻(zu)(zu)與比例電阻(zu)(zu)構成惠斯通(tong)/Murray 電橋(qiao),當檢流(liu)計指(zhi)零時(shi)電橋(qiao)達(da)到平衡,電橋(qiao)橋(qiao)臂間(jian)對應電(dian)阻(zu)比值相等。又根據(ju)電(dian)阻(zu)率公(gong)式,線芯電(dian)阻(zu)之(zhi)比等于電(dian)纜長度之(zhi)比,得到電(dian)纜故障(zhang)距離=電(dian)纜全長*定位旋紐指示比例。見(jian)下(xia)圖:
電橋定位接線圖
電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法中又(you)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)細分(fen)為(wei)低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法和高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法。受測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓較低(di)的影(ying)響,500V 的低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故障(zhang)(zhang)很難(nan)準確測(ce)定(ding)(ding)。高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)突破了電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法不能用(yong)于高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)故障(zhang)(zhang)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)的傳(chuan)統觀念,以(yi)高(gao)達 5kV 和 10kV 的直流(liu)高(gao)壓施加在橋(qiao)體,電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)位(wei)(wei)于良(liang)好(hao)絕(jue)緣的高(gao)壓側,操作旋鈕(niu)安(an)全接(jie)地,確保操作者人身安(an)全。適用(yong)于高(gao)達 500 兆歐姆及以(yi)下(xia)的高(gao)低(di)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故障(zhang)(zhang)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei);四端(duan)子接(jie)線(xian)法消除(chu)引線(xian)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)測(ce)量(liang)誤差,可(ke)(ke)獲得高(gao)精度定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)比例。相對(dui)于時域反射法 TDR 電(dian)(dian)(dian)橋(qiao)法還(huan)具有(you)測(ce)量(liang)范圍無(wu)盲區(qu)、可(ke)(ke)測(ce)長度無(wu)限制等優點。
高壓(ya)(ya)電橋(qiao)(qiao)法可(ke)覆蓋高低阻電纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang),是對(dui)時域(yu)反射法的(de)(de)有(you)力補充。尤其(qi)是近(jin)年來國內各(ge)地(di)電力公司新上大量的(de)(de) XLPE 交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜(lan),故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點難以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)導電區,擊(ji)穿點耐壓(ya)(ya)非常高,這類閃絡(luo)性高阻故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)很(hen)適合(he)使用高壓(ya)(ya)電橋(qiao)(qiao)。以(yi)雷迪 M 型電橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)代表的(de)(de)高壓(ya)(ya)電橋(qiao)(qiao)法具有(you)低壓(ya)(ya)電橋(qiao)(qiao)法的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)部優點,又具有(you)以(yi)人為(wei)本(ben),人性化設計(ji),數據連(lian)接電纜(lan)準(zhun)確傳遞(di)電橋(qiao)(qiao)整體的(de)(de)工作(zuo)狀態(tai),有(you)效避免誤操作(zuo)情況下的(de)(de)人身和設備(bei)事故(gu)(gu),是電纜(lan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)定(ding)位(wei)技術中 安全(quan)(quan)放心(xin)的(de)(de)電橋(qiao)(qiao)。
1、 時域反射法
根據二(er)次世界(jie)大戰時期發(fa)明的(de)雷達原(yuan)理(li),測量裝置(zhi)發(fa)射(she)適(shi)中(zhong)的(de)脈沖信(xin)號(hao),脈沖沿通信(xin)電纜(lan)(lan)、信(xin)號(hao)電纜(lan)(lan)、控制電纜(lan)(lan)和電力電纜(lan)(lan)的(de)路徑傳播,在(zai)電纜(lan)(lan)故障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)處反(fan)射(she)回來(lai)脈沖信(xin)號(hao),利(li)用脈沖反(fan)射(she)法原(yuan)理(li)得到反(fan)射(she)波形(xing),從反(fan)射(she)的(de)波形(xing)幅值和形(xing)狀(zhuang)可判斷電纜(lan)(lan)故障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)類型和性質,如低阻(zu)接地故障(zhang)(zhang)、斷線故障等。
(1)低壓脈沖法:不施加高壓,直接將 60V-220V 的發射脈沖施加到故障電纜或好相,能測定絕緣電阻小于 1000 歐姆的低阻電纜故障。
(2)二次脈沖法
在(zai)低壓脈沖(chong)法的(de)基礎上,向(xiang)故障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)發射(she)高壓脈沖(chong),使故障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)瞬(shun)間擊穿,利用脈沖(chong)在(zai)故障(zhang)(zhang)點(dian)和近(jin)端來回反射(she)的(de)原理,測(ce)量反射(she)時間,計算出電纜故障(zhang)(zhang)距離。此方法國產儀器上使用已很多,但是其實際(ji)波形非常復(fu)雜(za),需要訓練有(you)素(su)和富(fu)有(you)經驗的(de)專業(ye)人員才(cai)能掌(zhang)握。
(3)弧反射法
弧(hu)反(fan)射(she)(she)法對故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜施(shi)加三個脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong),其(qi)中的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)擊穿故障點;低壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)發射(she)(she)測量脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong),并接收反(fan)射(she)(she)信號(hao)(hao);中壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)延長燃弧(hu)時間(jian)(jian)(jian),給低壓(ya)(ya)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)采集反(fan)射(she)(she)信號(hao)(hao)留出充裕的(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)。因而弧(hu)反(fan)射(she)(she)法沒有利(li)用儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)起始瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)產生的(de)脈(mo)(mo)(mo)沖(chong)來檢(jian)測反(fan)射(she)(she)時間(jian)(jian)(jian),而是(shi)避過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程
起始部(bu)分(fen)(fen)雜亂(luan)的波(bo)(bo)形。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)(bo)形穩(wen)定后(hou),故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)仍然維持,發(fa)(fa)射(she)一(yi)(yi)個低(di)壓脈(mo)沖,使脈(mo)沖在故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)產(chan)生短路反射(she)。當故(gu)障點(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熄滅(mie)后(hou),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障定位系統再(zai)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜發(fa)(fa)射(she)一(yi)(yi)個低(di)壓脈(mo)沖,比較(jiao) 2 個脈(mo)沖的波(bo)(bo)形,其分(fen)(fen)歧點(dian)(dian)處即為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障點(dian)(dian),因此弧(hu)反射(she)法波(bo)(bo)形清晰明了,無須(xu)反復培訓(xun)和測(ce)試(shi)經驗的人員都能快速準確測(ce)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障點(dian)(dian),代表著今后(hou) 10-20 年的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜故(gu)障測(ce)試(shi)技(ji)術方向(xiang)。
附下(xia)圖(tu):弧反射法原理圖(tu)
三、準確定點
1、 聲磁同步法(fa)
沖擊(ji)發生(sheng)器在電(dian)纜故(gu)障點處引起(qi)閃絡后會產生(sheng)磁(ci)場(chang)和(he)強烈可測聽的(de)閃絡聲(sheng)(sheng)音。由(you)于聲(sheng)(sheng)磁(ci)傳(chuan)播(bo)速(su)度(du)不同(tong),聲(sheng)(sheng)磁(ci)同(tong)步定點儀探頭(tou)(tou)可先后拾取該(gai)磁(ci)場(chang)和(he)聲(sheng)(sheng)場(chang),且接收(shou)器顯示(shi)屏可自動顯示(shi)該(gai)時間(jian)差(cha),當探頭(tou)(tou)位于故(gu)障點的(de)正(zheng)上方時,距(ju)離故(gu)障點 近,因而時間(jian)差(cha)也 小,此(ci)處即為故(gu)障點的(de)準確位置。
2、 跨步(bu)電壓(ya)法(fa)
由(you)高壓(ya)發生器(qi)與(yu)定(ding)點儀共同組合使用,通(tong)過(guo)兩根(gen)接(jie)地鐵釬,尋找土壤中電勢(shi) 低(di)點而準確(que)定(ding)點。在(zai)故(gu)障點處流入大地的測試(shi)電流導致故(gu)障點處為(wei)正負電壓(ya)峰(feng)值轉換點,在(zai)故(gu)障點前接(jie)近故(gu)障時,跨步電壓(ya)增加,越過(guo)故(gu)障后跨步電壓(ya)減小,并(bing)且極性改變。在(zai)接(jie)地故(gu)障點正上方時,定(ding)點儀指針停在(zai)零位,此處即為(wei)電纜故障點(dian)的準(zhun)確位置。附下圖:跨步電壓法原理圖
四、電纜外護套故障定位
1、外護套故障預定位
外護(hu)套故障預定位(wei)(wei)有(you) 2 種基本的(de)(de)(de)方法,電橋法和電壓降法。電橋法定位(wei)(wei)準確,操作方便(bian),但易受干(gan)擾。構成橋路的(de)(de)(de)兩根電纜(lan)包含很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)面積(ji),附近正在運行的(de)(de)(de)電纜(lan),汽車火花塞的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)擾,化學電勢等(deng)等(deng),使電橋無法平(ping)衡。此時(shi),用電壓降法預定位(wei)(wei)定位(wei)(wei)更為實(shi)用。因(yin)此經(jing)實(shi)踐篩選后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)方法是電壓降法。
下(xia)圖中,XP 及 PY 間的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻之(zhi)比,等于(yu)其長度之(zhi)比。若在 X 點(dian)與(yu)地之(zhi)間加高(gao)壓(ya),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)經 Rp 流(liu)入地 。通(tong)常 Rp 值較大,與(yu)所加電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有(you)關,電(dian)(dian)流(liu)往往不穩定(ding)(ding),專門設計(ji)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)定(ding)(ding)位電(dian)(dian)源,強制電(dian)(dian)流(liu)穩定(ding)(ding),且在 20 到 100mA 范圍可調。相同電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值下(xia),測量(liang) XP 段的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang) U1, PY 段的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)U2,得到L1 =LU1/(U1+U2)
電(dian)壓降法定位原理圖
2、外護套故障準確定點:跨步電壓法
由(you)于超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜外護套(tao)難以(yi)承受(shou)沖(chong)擊聲(sheng)測法時(shi)的沖(chong)擊電(dian)壓(ya),所以(yi)對于外護套(tao)故障準確(que)定點 好是用跨步電(dian)壓(ya)法。
由高壓發生器與定點儀共同組合使用,通過兩根接地鐵釬,尋找土壤中電勢 低點而準確定點。在故障點處流入大地的測試電流導致故障點處為正負電壓峰值轉換點,在故障點前接近故障時,跨步電壓增加,越過故障后跨步電壓減小,并且極性改變。在接地故障點正上方時,定點儀指針停在零位,此處即為電纜故障點的準確位置。